Từ vựng học thuật (NAWL)
Danh sách từ học thuật dùng nhiều trong bài đọc và bài viết đại học, phù hợp ôn IELTS Academic, TOEFL và SAT.
945 từ. Nguồn danh sách: New Academic Word List (NAWL) 1.2 của Browne, Culligan và Phillips, giấy phép CC BY-SA 4.0. Xem nguồn và giấy phép.
A
the muscles of the abdomen
absorbB1
become imbued
(chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another
move faster
an increase in rate of change
accentB1
distinctive manner of oral expression
get or gather together
an increase by natural growth or addition
accuracyB1
the quality of being near to the true value
with few mistakes
acidB2
any of various water-soluble compounds having a sour taste and capable of turnin
acidicC1
being or containing an acid
put in motion or move to act
activelyB2
in an active manner
acuteB2
having or experiencing a rapid onset and short but severe course
a written work (as a novel) that has been recast in a new form
having a capacity for adaptation
nearest in space or position
the act of admitting someone to enter
a juvenile between the onset of puberty and maturity
adverseB2
contrary to your interests or welfare
a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gas
relating to or dealing with the subject of aesthetics
establish or strengthen as with new evidence or facts
happening at a time subsequent to a reference time
the whole amount
a large-scale farming enterprise
airplaneA1
an aircraft that has a fixed wing and is powered by propellers or jets
the mathematics of generalized arithmetical operations
a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem
a person who comes from a foreign country
allianceB2
the state of being allied or confederated
distribute according to a plan or set apart for a special purpose
a share set aside for a specific purpose
altitudeB2
elevation especially above sea level or above the earth's surface
aluminumB2
a silvery ductile metallic element found primarily in bauxite
the radical -NH2
(physics) the maximum displacement of a periodic wave
analogyB2
an inference that if things agree in some respects they probably agree in others
ancestorA2
someone from whom you are descended (but usually more remote than a grandparent)
the social science that studies the origins and social relationships of human be
antiB1
not in favor of (an action or proposal etc.)
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that can kill microorgan
any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in r
the historic period preceding the Middle Ages in Europe
supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book
applauseB1
a demonstration of approval by clapping the hands together
appleA1
fruit with red or yellow or green skin and sweet to tart crisp whitish flesh
not quite exact or correct
an approximate calculation of quantity or degree or worth
based on or subject to individual discretion or preference or sometimes impulse
the branch of anthropology that studies prehistoric people and their cultures
someone who creates plans to be used in making something (such as buildings)
an orderly arrangement
arrowB1
a mark to indicate a direction or relation
expressing yourself easily or characterized by clear expressive language
artifactC2
a man-made object taken as a whole
contrived by art rather than nature
artisticB1
relating to or characteristic of art or artists
photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication
aspectB1
a distinct feature or element in a problem
assemblyB2
a group of machine parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit
assertB2
state categorically
a duty that you are assigned to perform (especially in the armed forces)
athleticB1
relating to or befitting athletics or athletes
atomA2
(physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical
atomicB1
of or relating to or comprising atoms
a variety of bridge in which tricks made in excess of the contract are scored to
auditB2
an inspection of the accounting procedures and records by a trained accountant o
the power or right to give orders or make decisions
immunity from arbitrary exercise of authority: political independence
the quality of being at hand when needed
axiomC2
a saying that is widely accepted on its own merits
axisB2
a straight line through a body or figure that satisfies certain conditions
B
backwardB2
at or to or toward the back or rear
(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped or
relating to or caused by bacteria
bangB1
a vigorous blow
bargainA2
an agreement between parties (usually arrived at after discussion) fixing obliga
barrelB1
a tube through which a bullet travels when a gun is fired
basinB1
a bowl-shaped vessel
batA1
nocturnal mouselike mammal with forelimbs modified to form membranous wings and
beamB2
a signal transmitted along a narrow path
of or relating to behavior
using or knowing two languages
a system of two stars that revolve around each other under their mutual gravitat
the diversity of plant and animal life in a particular habitat (or in the world
(biology) a scientist who studies living organisms
biologyB1
the science that studies living organisms
bizarreB2
conspicuously or grossly unconventional or unusual
blankA1
(of a surface) not written or printed on
bleedB1
lose blood from one's body
of or relating to or belonging to the body
bonusA2
anything that tends to arouse
boundB1
confined by bonds
bracketB2
a category falling within certain defined limits
the act of disrupting an established order so it fails to continue
broadlyB2
without regard to specific details or exceptions
bubbleB1
a hollow globule of gas (e.g., air or carbon dioxide)
bucketA1
a roughly cylindrical vessel that is open at the top
bulkC1
the property resulting from being or relating to the greater in number of two pa
bulletB1
a projectile that is fired from a gun
a collection of things wrapped or boxed together
C
a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light
the procedure of calculating
an expert at calculation (or at operating calculating machines)
a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts
campusA2
a field on which the buildings of a university are situated
a tube of small internal diameter
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
a conservative advocate of capitalism
carrierC1
someone whose employment involves carrying something
cattleB1
domesticated bovine animals as a group regardless of sex or age
someone who censures or condemns
a graphic or vivid verbal description
cheatB2
deprive somebody of something by deceit
cheerA2
give encouragement to
the science of matter
the use of chemical agents to treat or control disease (or mental illness)
chessA2
weedy annual native to Europe but widely distributed as a weed especially in whe
any compound containing a chlorine atom
a threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linea
being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering
chunkB2
a compact mass
cinemaA1
a medium that disseminates moving pictures
become widely known and passed on
the dissemination of copies of periodicals (as newspapers or magazines)
a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal a
clarifyB2
make clear and (more) comprehensible
the act of distributing things into classes or categories of the same type
classifyB1
arrange or order by classes or categories
a room in a school where lessons take place
a very fine-grained soil that is plastic when moist but hard when fired
cleverA1
showing self-interest and shrewdness in dealing with others
clientB2
a person who seeks the advice of a lawyer
clinicB1
a medical establishment run by a group of medical specialists
clipB1
a metal frame or container holding cartridges
cloneA2
make multiple identical copies of
closureB2
approaching a particular destination
clueA2
a slight indication
a constant number that serves as a measure of some property or characteristic
of or being or relating to or involving cognition
coherentB2
marked by an orderly, logical, and aesthetically consistent relation of parts
members of a cooperative enterprise
colonialB2
of or relating to or characteristic of or inhabiting a colony
a body of people who settle far from home but maintain ties with their homeland
commaB1
a punctuation mark (,) used to indicate the separation of elements within the gr
a written explanation or criticism or illustration that is added to a book or ot
articles of commerce
commonlyB1
under normal conditions
of or relating to communication
a member of the communist party
a small cosmetics case with a mirror
able to be compared or worthy of comparison
the comparative form of an adjective or adverb
adjust for
the quality of being adequately or well qualified physically and intellectually
properly or sufficiently qualified or capable or efficient
a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
the act or process of complicating
complyC1
act in accordance with someone's rules, commands, or wishes
composerA2
someone who composes music as a profession
a conceptual whole made up of complicated and related parts
an ability to understand the meaning or importance of something (or the knowledg
the procedure of calculating
conceiveB2
have the idea for
an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances
being or characterized by concepts or their formation
qualified by reservations
the transmission of heat or electricity or sound
coneB2
any cone-shaped artifact
an arrangement of parts or elements
confineB2
place limits on (extent or access)
be confusing or perplexing to
corresponding in character or kind
an instrumentality that connects
what you must know in order to determine the reference of an expression
intentionally conceived
an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation
agreement in the judgment or opinion reached by a group as a whole
consentB2
permission to do something
an occurrence of improvement by virtue of preventing loss or injury or other cha
conserveC1
keep constant through physical or chemical reactions or evolutionary change
a speech sound that is not a vowel
law determining the fundamental political principles of a government
hold back
a conference (usually with someone important)
the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating)
any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike obj
one of the large landmasses of the earth
uninterrupted connection or union
a line drawn on a map connecting points of equal height
be in contradiction with
opposition between two conflicting forces or ideas
of words or propositions so related that both cannot be true and both cannot be
contraryB1
very opposed in nature or character or purpose
a contentious speech act
be adjacent or come together
the occurrence of two or more things coming together
a number that identifies a position relative to an axis
the skillful and effective interaction of movements
a line made of twisted fibers or threads
obstruction of blood flow in a coronary artery by a blood clot (thrombus)
corpusC2
capital as contrasted with the income derived from it
the act of offering an improvement to replace a mistake
in an accurate manner
either of two or more related or complementary variables
a reciprocal relation between two or more things
communication by the exchange of letters
lack of integrity or honesty (especially susceptibility to bribery)
the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the ce
the quality of being believable or trustworthy
in a critical manner
an essay or article that gives a critical evaluation (as of a book or play)
crudeC1
not carefully or expertly made
a solid formed by the solidification of a chemical and having a highly regular a
an actor's line that immediately precedes and serves as a reminder for some acti
cureB1
a medicine or therapy that cures disease or relieve pain
an integrated course of academic studies
conforming to the Carnot cycle
a solid bounded by a cylindrical surface and two parallel planes (the bases)
D
dampB1
slightly wet
deadlineB1
the point in time at which something must be completed
decayB2
lose a stored charge, magnetic flux, or current
deceiveB2
be false to
an imperfection in a bodily system
the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable
definiteB1
precise
a twist or aberration
degradeC1
reduce the level of land, as by erosion
with intention
a low triangular area of alluvial deposits where a river divides before entering
a teacher or teacher's assistant who demonstrates the principles that are being
the divisor of a fraction
denoteC2
be a sign or indication of
denseB2
permitting little if any light to pass through because of denseness of matter
the state of relying on or being controlled by someone or something else
depictC1
show in, or as in, a picture
the result of mathematical differentiation
a person considered as descended from some ancestor or race
the phonological or orthographic sound or appearance of a word that can be used
the place designated as the end (as of a race or journey)
the perception that something has occurred or some state exists
of or relating to or constituting development
a variation that deviates from the standard or norm
determine or distinguish the nature of a problem or an illness through a diagnos
identifying the nature or cause of some phenomenon
concerned with diagnosis
diagramB1
a drawing intended to explain how something works
the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people
diameterB1
the length of a straight line passing through the center of a circle and connect
diaryA2
a daily written record of (usually personal) experiences and observations
an authoritative rule
a reference book containing an alphabetical list of words with information about
the result of mathematical differentiation
mark as different
a discrimination between things as different and distinct
(physics) the process in which there is movement of a substance from an area of
dilemmaB2
state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equa
lessen the strength or flavor of a solution or mixture
of or relating to dimensions
dioxideB1
an oxide containing two atoms of oxygen in the molecule
a pronouncement encouraging or banning some activity
the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental
the quality of having an inferior or less favorable position
the sudden giving off of energy
extended verbal expression in speech or writing
constituting a separate entity or part
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice
act of taking the place of another especially using underhanded tactics
cutting so as to separate into pieces
a treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research
dissolveB1
become weaker
(statistics) an arrangement of values of a variable showing their observed or th
activity that is a malfunction, intrusion, or interruption
diverseB1
many and different
a particular environment or walk of life
superior development of one side of the body
dominantC1
exercising influence or control
social control by dominating
person who makes a gift of property
doseB2
a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time
drainB2
emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it
a force that moves something along
durationC1
the period of time during which something continues
dyeB2
a usually soluble substance for staining or coloring e.g. fabrics or hair
dynamicB2
characterized by action or forcefulness or force of personality
E
characterized by the interdependence of living organisms in an environment
ecologyB1
the environment as it relates to living organisms
with respect to economic science
an expert in the science of economics
power to be effective
marked by complexity and richness of detail
elasticC1
capable of resuming original shape after stretching or compression
the tendency of a body to return to its original shape after it has been stretch
electronB1
an elementary particle with negative charge
easy and not involved or complicated
elevateC1
give a promotion to or assign to a higher position
the event of something being raised upward
the act of removing or getting rid of something
eliteB2
a group or class of persons enjoying superior intellectual or social or economic
embedC2
fix or set securely or deeply
the gradual beginning or coming forth
the act of emitting
expel (gases or odors)
emperorB1
the male ruler of an empire
derived from experiment and observation rather than theory
convert information into code
the act of enforcing
extremely
that which is perceived or known or inferred to have its own distinct existence
a commodity that enters competition with established merchandise
any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts
a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disea
equalityB1
the quality of being the same in quantity or measure or value or status
a stable situation in which forces cancel one another
a state of being essentially equal or equivalent
remove from memory or existence
essenceB1
the choicest or most essential or most vital part of some idea or experience
in essence
a document appraising the value of something (as for insurance or taxation)
ethicalC1
of or relating to the philosophical study of ethics
motivation based on ideas of right and wrong
evidentB1
clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment
of or relating to or produced by evolution
a man who was formerly a certain woman's husband
executeB2
kill as a means of socially sanctioned punishment
putting a condemned person to death
exitB1
an opening that permits escape or release
skillfulness by virtue of possessing special knowledge
precisely and clearly expressed or readily observable
in an explicit manner
exploitB2
use or manipulate to one's advantage
a function in which an independent variable appears as an exponent
F
fabricB2
artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthet
a distinct feature or element in a problem
make easier
the product of all the integers up to and including a given integer
facultyB2
one of the inherent cognitive or perceptual powers of the mind
fatigueC1
temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical or mental wor
feedbackB2
the process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in
the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area
of or relating to a fetus
feverA1
a rise in the temperature of the body
fiberB2
a slender and greatly elongated substance capable of being spun into yarn
the cardinal number that is the sum of four and one
bounded or limited in magnitude or spatial or temporal extent
fleshB2
the soft tissue of the body of a vertebrate: mainly muscle tissue and fat
the property of being flexible
flipB2
lightly throw to see which side comes up
fluidB2
subject to change
the rate of flow of energy or particles across a given surface
footnoteB2
a printed note placed below the text on a printed page
formallyB1
with official authorization
a substance prepared according to a formula
a public meeting or assembly for open discussion
fossilC1
someone whose style is out of fashion
fractionC1
a component of a mixture that has been separated by a fractional process
breaking of hard tissue such as bone
freelyB1
in a free manner
a state of conflict between persons
the outside boundary or surface of something
in essence
an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matt
fusionC1
an occurrence that involves the production of a union
G
a measuring instrument for measuring and indicating a quantity such as the thick
reasoning from detailed facts to general principles
draw from specific cases for more general cases
by genetic mechanisms
geneticsB1
the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms
ghostA1
a mental representation of some haunting experience
growth to a global or worldwide scale
goatB2
any of numerous agile ruminants related to sheep but having a beard and straight
goodnessB1
that which is pleasing or valuable or useful
a graded change in the magnitude of some physical quantity or dimension
gramA2
a metric unit of weight equal to one thousandth of a kilogram
of or pertaining to grammar
graphB1
a visual representation of the relations between certain quantities plotted with
graspB2
understanding of the nature or meaning or quality or magnitude of something
(physics) the force of attraction between all masses in the universe
a pattern of regularly spaced horizontal and vertical lines
grossB2
before any deductions
the part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus
H
habitatB1
the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs
equally distant from the extremes
handoutB2
an announcement distributed to members of the press in order to supplement or re
harvestA2
the yield from plants in a single growing season
diurnal bird of prey typically having short rounded wings and a long tail
provide with headquarters
hedgeB2
a fence formed by a row of closely planted shrubs or bushes
a curve that lies on the surface of a cylinder or cone and cuts the element at a
inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin
a chemical agent that destroys plants or inhibits their growth
a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system
hipB1
either side of the body below the waist and above the thigh
throughout history
homeworkA1
preparatory school work done outside school (especially at home)
horizonB1
the line at which the sky and Earth appear to meet
something that is oriented horizontally
the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tiss
a nonmetallic univalent element that is normally a colorless and odorless highly
I
exactly alike
the act of designating or identifying something
ideologyB2
an orientation that characterizes the thinking of a group or nation
an erroneous mental representation
a person who is immune to a particular infection
impactA2
the striking of one body against another
implied though not directly expressed
in an important way or to an important degree
impulseB2
an instinctive motive
the relative frequency of occurrence of something
an elevated geological formation
the state of being included
beyond belief or understanding
not easy to believe
lying or leaning on something else
on your own
a number or ratio (a value on a scale of measurement) derived from a series of o
unbiased impartial unconcern
originating where it is found
indirectB1
having intervening factors or persons or influences
apart from others
induceC2
cause to arise
a formal entry into an organization or position or office
the development of industry on an extensive scale
organize (the production of something) into an industry
lack of equality
in such a manner as could not be otherwise
infectB2
communicate a disease to
caused by infection or capable of causing infection
the reasoning involved in drawing a conclusion or making a logical judgment on t
one of lesser rank or station or quality
the unlimited expanse in which everything is located
time without end
having or exercising influence or power
informalB2
not formal
to put down by force or authority
(psychology) the conscious exclusion of unacceptable thoughts or desires
someone new to a field or activity
a formal entry into an organization or position or office
injectB1
give an injection to
the forceful insertion of a substance under pressure
innateB2
not established by conditioning or learning
insectA2
small air-breathing arthropod
a folded section placed between the leaves of another publication
an unstable order
instinctB2
inborn pattern of behavior often responsive to specific stimuli
integralC1
existing as an essential constituent or characteristic
the action of incorporating a racial or religious group into a community
the amount of energy transmitted (as by acoustic or electromagnetic radiation)
characterized by a high degree or intensity
interactB1
act together or towards others or with others
in an interesting manner
(chemistry) a surface forming a common boundary between two things (two objects
come between so as to be hindrance or obstacle
lying between two extremes in time or space or state
make a break in
intervalB1
a definite length of time marked off by two instants
get involved, so as to alter or hinder an action, or through force or threat of
a person who conducts an interview
invadeA2
march aggressively into another's territory by military force for the purposes o
invasionB1
the act of invading
the layer of air near the earth is cooler than an overlying layer
make an inversion (in a musical composition)
a particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
having no bearing on or connection with the subject at issue
supplying dry land with water by means of ditches etc
J
K
L
labB1
a workplace for the conduct of scientific research
a pass to a receiver upfield from the passer
a plan or design of something that is laid out
leafA1
the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants
lecturerB2
a public lecturer at certain universities
legendB2
a story about mythical or supernatural beings or events
of marriages and offspring
leisureA2
time available for ease and relaxation
a rigid bar pivoted about a fulcrum
of or relating to words
at risk of or subject to experiencing something usually unpleasant
a manner of living that reflects the person's values and attitudes
lifetimeB2
the period during which something is functional (as between birth and death)
the probability of a specified outcome
likewiseB2
in like or similar manner
limbB2
one of the jointed appendages of an animal used for locomotion or grasping: arm
linearC1
designating or involving an equation whose terms are of the first degree
consisting of or related to language
the scientific study of language
literA2
a metric unit of capacity, formerly defined as the volume of one kilogram of pur
liverB1
large and complicated reddish-brown glandular organ located in the upper right p
by a particular locality
the scene of any event or action (especially the place of a meeting)
logicalA2
capable of or reflecting the capability for correct and valid reasoning
of or relating to lines of longitude
fastener consisting of a metal ring for lining a small hole to permit the attach
a compact mass
lungB1
either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates
M
machines or machine systems collectively
magneticC1
of or relating to or caused by magnetism
the property of relative size or extent (whether large or small)
mallA2
a public area set aside as a pedestrian walk
influence or control shrewdly or deviously
exerting shrewd or devious influence especially for one's own advantage
manualB2
of or relating to the hands
the form of a literary work submitted for publication
marbleB1
a hard crystalline metamorphic rock that takes a high polish
marginalC1
at or constituting a border or edge
some conspicuous object used to distinguish or mark something
the fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones
maternalC1
characteristic of a mother
of or pertaining to or of the nature of mathematics
(mathematics) a rectangular array of quantities or expressions set out by rows a
make as big or large as possible
having a meaning or purpose
mechanicB1
a craftsman skilled in operating machine tools
using (or as if using) mechanisms or tools or devices
mediateC2
act between parties with a view to reconciling differences
a thin pliable sheet of material
memorizeB1
commit to memory
mentorB2
a wise and trusted guide and advisor
a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element
mergeB2
become one
a person who carries a message
the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some
metaphorB2
a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it
the branch of philosophy that analyzes the principles and procedures of inquiry
used in combination to denote the middle
move from one country or region to another and settle there
the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
a metric unit of length equal to one thousandth of a meter
mineralB1
solid homogeneous inorganic substances occurring in nature having a definite che
the least possible
minimizeB1
make small or insignificant
minusB1
an arithmetic operation in which the difference between two numbers is calculate
missileB2
a rocket carrying a warhead of conventional or nuclear explosives
mobilityB2
the quality of moving freely
the act of making something different (as e.g. the size of a garment)
the molecular weight of a substance expressed in grams
relating to or produced by or consisting of molecules
moleculeB1
(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
an impelling force or strength
relating to or involving money
monkeyA1
any of various long-tailed primates (excluding the prosimians)
(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller
moralityB2
concern with the distinction between good and evil or right and wrong
relating to or concerned with the formation of admissible words in a language
the branch of biology that deals with the structure of animals and plants
the quality or state of being mortal
a design or figure that consists of recurring shapes or colors, as in architectu
motiveB1
the psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired go
involving or operating in several nations or nationalities
multiplyB2
combine by multiplication
(biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal altera
mythB1
a traditional story accepted as history
N
nakedB1
completely unclothed
as follows
nastyB1
offensive or even (of persons) malicious
love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it
neatB2
clean or organized
the condition of being essential or indispensable
(used as a combining form) recent or new
a structure in which animals lay eggs or give birth to their young
of or relating to the nervous system
a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses
neutralB1
having no personal preference
nicelyB2
in a nice way
nicheC1
a position particularly well suited to the person who occupies it
a common nonmetallic element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless ine
nobleB2
impressive in appearance
a connecting point at which several lines come together
noisyA2
full of or characterized by loud and nonmusical sounds
a phrase that can function as the subject or object of a verb
negation of a word or group of words
despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)
designating or involving an equation whose terms are not of the first degree
a standard or model or pattern regarded as typical
a technical system of symbols used to represent special things
someone who has entered a religious order but has not taken final vows
nucleusB1
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reprodu
a quantity of no importance
measured or expressed in numbers
nutrientB1
any substance that can be metabolized by an animal to give energy and build tiss
O
the act of expressing earnest opposition or protest
obscureC1
not clearly understood or expressed
observerB2
a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses
obtainB1
come into possession of
the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money
an event that happens
the immediate descendants of a person
the beginning or early stages
in a forward direction
of or relating to or involving light or optics
most desirable possible under a restriction expressed or implied
most favorable conditions or greatest degree or amount possible under given circ
oralB1
using speech rather than writing
organB1
a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is speci
organismB1
a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independ
the countries of Asia
the act of orienting
the process of oscillating between states
outerB1
being on the outside or further from a center
outletB2
a place of business for retailing goods
the expense of maintaining property (e.g., paying property taxes and utilities a
overlapB2
a representation of common ground between theories or phenomena
a general summary of a subject
enter into a combination with oxygen or become converted into an oxide
oxygenB1
a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless n
P
painfulB1
causing physical or psychological pain
(golf) the standard number of strokes set for each hole on a golf course, or for
systematic arrangement of all the inflected forms of a word
paradoxB2
(logic) a statement that contradicts itself
a constant in the equation of a curve that can be varied to yield a family of si
parcelB1
a wrapped container
pardonA1
the act of excusing a mistake or offense
parentalB1
designating the generation of organisms from which hybrid offspring are produced
either of two punctuation marks (or) used to enclose textual material
partialB1
being or affecting only a part
in part
particleB2
(nontechnical usage) a tiny piece of anything
a vertical structure that divides or separates (as a wall divides one room from
a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers following a path through the brain
peasantC1
a country person
happening or recurring at regular intervals
(computer science) electronic equipment connected by cable to the CPU of a compu
a serious (sometimes fatal) infection of rodents caused by Yersinia pestis and a
a chemical used to kill pests (as rodents or insects)
of or relating to a phenomenon
a specialist in philosophy
of or relating to philosophy or philosophers
of or relating to phonology
a salt of phosphoric acid
relating to photography or obtained by using photography
in accord with physical laws
a licensed medical practitioner
physicsB1
the science of matter and energy and their interactions
of or relating to the biological study of physiology
piB2
the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle
a person who makes plans
an estate where cash crops are grown on a large scale (especially in tropical ar
apparently reasonable and valid, and truthful
plugB1
blockage consisting of an object designed to fill a hole tightly
pluralA2
the form of a word that is used to denote more than one
having a pair of equal and opposite charges
poleB1
a long (usually round) rod of wood or metal or plastic
with regard to social relationships involving authority
a large, flat, thin case for carrying loose papers or drawings or maps
portrayC1
portray in words
a word picture of a person's appearance and character
extremely
posterA1
a sign posted in a public place as an advertisement
a student who continues studies after graduation
a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group
powderB1
a solid substance in the form of tiny loose particles
someone who practices a learned profession
an imperial decree that becomes part of the fundamental law of the land
precedeB2
be earlier in time
a precipitated solid substance in suspension or after settling or filtering
the quantity of water falling to earth at a specific place within a specified pe
someone who attacks in search of booty
the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future)
much greater in number or influence
a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
denoting an action or event preceding or in preparation for something more impor
take to be the case or to be true
the quality of prevailing generally
a person who is the aim of an attack (especially a victim of ridicule or exploit
an introductory textbook
belonging to an early stage of technical development
probeB2
an inquiry into unfamiliar or questionable activities
open to doubt or debate
a business engaged in processing agricultural products and preparing them for ma
producing or capable of producing (especially abundantly)
the quality of being productive or having the power to produce
profoundC1
showing intellectual penetration or emotional depth
a series with a definite pattern of advance
favoring or promoting progress
a prediction made by extrapolating from past observations
having a quality that thrusts itself into attention
speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
(logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false
(computer science) rules determining the format and transmission of data
a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electr
relating to or used in or engaged in the practice of psychiatry
a scientist trained in psychology
the science of mental life
publishA2
put into print
pulseB2
(electronics) a sharp transient wave in the normal electrical state (or a series
punchB2
(boxing) a blow with the fist
punishB1
impose a penalty on
the act of punishing
restricted to something
puzzleB1
a particularly baffling problem that is said to have a correct solution
Q
involving distinctions based on qualities
expressible as a quantity or relating to or susceptible of measurement
a discrete amount of something that is analogous to the quantities in quantum th
a form containing a set of questions
quizA2
an examination consisting of a few short questions
a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage
R
rackB2
framework for holding objects
radarB2
measuring instrument in which the echo of a pulse of microwave radiation is used
energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles
the length of a line segment between the center and circumference of a circle or
rainfallB1
water falling in drops from vapor condensed in the atmosphere
arrange in random order
in a random manner
rationalB1
consistent with or based on or using reason
the state of having good sense and sound judgment
rayA2
a column of light (as from a beacon)
participating readily in reactions
an electrical device used to introduce reactance into a circuit
readilyB2
without much difficulty
realismC1
the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and liter
aware or expressing awareness of things as they really are
a domain in which something is dominant
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a c
recipeB2
directions for making something
reassemble mentally
regimeB2
the organization that is the governing authority of a political unit
an abnormal state in which development has stopped prematurely
the restoration of someone to a useful place in society
make stronger
the act of rejecting something
the quality of being dependable or reliable
renderC1
cause to become
the entire range of skills or aptitudes or devices used in a particular field or
the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another
bend or turn backward
the act of making copies
make a copy or equivalent of
the process of generating offspring
republicB1
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can
resembleB1
appear like
a large or extra supply of something
residualC2
relating to or indicating a remainder
residueC2
matter that remains after something has been removed
relating to or conferring immunity (to disease or infection)
pertaining to respiration
retrieveB2
get or find back
markedly new or introducing radical change
rewriteB1
write differently
rhetoricC2
using language effectively to please or persuade
rhythmA2
the basic rhythmic unit in a piece of music
inspiring scornful pity
ritualB2
any customary observance or practice
robotB1
a mechanism that can move automatically
ropeA2
a strong line
rotateC1
turn on or around an axis or a center
the act of rotating as if on an axis
rubB2
move over something with pressure
rulerA1
a person who rules or commands
S
scatterB1
to cause to separate and go in different directions
scenarioC1
an outline or synopsis of a play (or, by extension, of a literary work)
financial aid provided to a student on the basis of academic merit
the sacred writings of the Christian religions
scrollC2
a round shape formed by a series of concentric circles (as formed by leaves or f
generate and separate from cells or bodily fluids
matter that has been deposited by some natural process
tending to select
of or relating to meaning or the study of meaning
semesterA2
one of two divisions of an academic year
one of the two competitions in the next to the last round of an elimination tour
seminarB2
any meeting for an exchange of ideas
an unelaborated elementary awareness of stimulation
sensibleB2
showing reason or sound judgment
(physiology) responsiveness to external stimuli
of a nerve fiber or impulse originating outside and passing toward the central n
apart from others
the state of lacking unity
the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive rol
shallowB1
lacking physical depth
shortlyB1
for a short time
badminton equipment consisting of a ball of cork or rubber with a crown of feath
the quality of being similar
simplifyB1
make simpler or easier or reduce in complexity or extent
reproduce someone's behavior or looks
the act of imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of
at the same instant
estrangement from god
singularA2
unusual or striking
sketchB2
preliminary drawing for later elaboration
skipB2
bypass
slabC2
block consisting of a thick piece of something
slashB2
a wound made by cutting
slaveryB1
the state of being under the control of another person
slotB1
a position in a grammatical linguistic construction in which a variety of altern
snakeA1
limbless scaly elongate reptile
sneezeB1
a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose
sniffB2
perceive by inhaling through the nose
take part in social activities
sociallyB1
by or with respect to society
a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group
(of a substance) capable of being dissolved in some solvent (usually water)
the dissolved matter in a solution
solventB2
a liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
sometimeB1
at some indefinite or unstated time
a worldly-wise person
spanB2
to cover or extend over an area or time period
spatialC2
pertaining to or involving or having the nature of space
an asset of special worth or utility
a detailed description of design criteria for a piece of work
specimenC1
an example regarded as typical of its class
an ordered array of the components of an emission or wave
the male reproductive cell
sphereB1
a particular environment or walk of life
a junction where two things (as paper or film or magnetic tape) have been joined
the act of sponsoring (either officially or financially)
happening or arising without apparent external cause
sprayB2
a pesticide in suspension or solution
make stable and keep from fluctuating or put into an equilibrium
stackB2
an orderly pile
stadiumA2
a large structure for open-air sports or entertainments
standing posture
cause to conform to standard or norm
a crackling or hissing noise caused by electrical interference
of or relating to statistics
with respect to statistics
a branch of applied mathematics concerned with the collection and interpretation
a conventional or formulaic conception or image
any stimulating information or event
free from ambiguity
strandB2
a pattern forming a unity within a larger structural whole
relating to or concerned with strategy
strictlyB2
restricted to something
stripeB1
an adornment consisting of a strip of a contrasting color or material
a large sandwich made of a long crusty roll split lengthwise and filled with mea
taking place within the mind and modified by individual bias
a set whose members are members of another set
an event in which one thing is substituted for another
the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
subtleB2
difficult to detect or grasp by the mind or analyze
subtractB2
make a subtraction
to a sufficient degree
suicideB1
the act of killing yourself
superA1
of the highest quality
superiorB1
of high or superior quality or performance
believed or reputed to be the case
surgeonB1
a physician who specializes in surgery
of or relating to or involving or used in surgery
a quantity much larger than is needed
(often followed by `of' or `to') yielding readily to or capable of
capable of being sustained
swapC1
an equal exchange
swellB1
increase in size, magnitude, number, or intensity
swordB1
a cutting or thrusting weapon that has a long metal blade and a hilt with a hand
syllableB2
a unit of spoken language larger than a phoneme
an integrated course of academic studies
symbolicB2
relating to or using or proceeding by means of symbols
syndromeB1
a complex of concurrent things
of or relating to or conforming to the rules of syntax
the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler ch
not of natural origin
characterized by order and planning
T
a school teaching mechanical and industrial arts and the applied sciences
with regard to technique
the semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or ac
temptB1
dispose or incline or entice to
tenseB1
in or of a state of physical or nervous tension
terminalB1
station where transport vehicles load or unload passengers or goods
a system of words used to name things in a particular discipline
terriblyB1
used as intensifiers
textbookA2
a book prepared for use in schools or colleges
a proposition deducible from basic postulates
theoristB2
someone who theorizes (especially in science or art)
therebyC1
by that means or because of that
rising current of warm air
thesisB2
an unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument
the dimension through an object as opposed to its length or width
threadB2
a fine cord of twisted fibers (of cotton or silk or wool or nylon etc.) used in
the starting point for a new state or experience
thumbB1
the thick short innermost digit of the forelimb
the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental condi
tonB2
a United States unit of weight equivalent to 2000 pounds
toxicB2
of or relating to or caused by a toxin or poison
tractC1
an extended area of land
according to tradition
traitB2
a distinguishing feature of your personal nature
the path followed by an object moving through space
the act of transacting within or between groups (as carrying on commercial activ
write out from speech, notes, etc.
something written, especially copied from one medium to another, as a typewritte
a qualitative change
a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the writ
the act of sending a message
transmitB2
transfer to another
permitting the free passage of electromagnetic radiation
(surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient
traumaC1
any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.
treatyB2
a written agreement between two states or sovereigns
extraordinarily large in size or extent or amount or power or degree
triangleB2
a three-sided polygon
tribeB2
a social division of (usually preliterate) people
trickyB2
not to be trusted
trivialB2
(informal) small and of little importance
tropicalB1
relating to or situated in or characteristic of the tropics (the region on eithe
tumorB2
an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose
characterized by unrest or disorder or insubordination
tutorB2
a person who gives private instruction (as in singing, acting, etc.)
U
ultimateB2
furthest or highest in degree or order
a university student who has not yet received a first degree
destroy property or hinder normal operations
on the lower or downward side
not engaged in a gainful occupation
unifyB1
become one
poorly articulated or enunciated, or drowned by noise
an undivided or unbroken completeness or totality with nothing wanting
lacking stability or fixity or firmness
(geology) a rise of land to a higher elevation (as in the process of mountain bu
upwardB1
directed up
liquid excretory product
usageB1
the act of using
utilityB2
a company that performs a public service
utilizeB2
put into service
the use of uttered sounds for auditory communication
V
vagueB1
not clearly understood or expressed
validB2
well grounded in logic or truth or having legal force
the quality of being valid and rigorous
a structure in a hollow organ (like the heart) with a flap to insure one-way flo
the quality of being subject to variation
an event that departs from expectations
an event that departs from expectations
a variable quantity that can be resolved into components
all the plant life in a particular region or period
veinB1
a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart
distance travelled per unit time
verbalB2
communicated in the form of words
verticalC1
at right angles to the plane of the horizon or a base line
capable of being done with means at hand and circumstances as they are
virtueB2
the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong
vitaminB2
any of a group of organic substances essential in small quantities to normal met
a listing of the words used in some enterprise
the capability of conscious choice and decision and intention
vowelB1
a speech sound made with the vocal tract open
W
a ridge of land that separates two adjacent river systems
the distance (measured in the direction of propagation) between two points in th
weaveB2
pattern of weaving or structure of a fabric
wheatB2
annual or biennial grass having erect flower spikes and light brown grains
widely circulated or diffused
wisdomA2
accumulated knowledge or erudition or enlightenment
workshopB1
small workplace where handcrafts or manufacturing are done
Y
a commercial leavening agent containing yeast cells